Unit+3+Review

=Know the Artists, Media, Titles, Era and Main Contribution or Trait of this Artist's Work =

**Late Gothic: **

 * Northern Europe area called Flanders= Belgium, Netherlands and parts of France, Art from Flanders sometimes referred to as Flemish art. **
 * 1) **Master of Flemalle  (Robert Campin)** – 1406? - 1444, //Merode Altarpiece// –triptych (3 panel piece) first time foreshortening is handled, heavy religious symbolism, oil painting on wood (new media invented in this era), he trained many, we aren't sure of his name.
 * 2) **Jan and Hubert Van Eyck**  c.1370/90 – 1441, Jan is the more dominant one whose work we remember more. Netherlands (Flemish), Jan invented oil paint, Allows him and others to paint with more realism and subtlety, //Arnolfini Wedding//: heavy symbolism, //Crucifixion and Last Judgement//: thought to be painted by both brothers.
 * 3) **Rogier van der Weyden  c. 1399-1464-** known for his beautiful mastery of perspective and drapery, influenced by Master of Flemalle, //The Annunciation// oil on panel, //Descent from the Cross// oil on panel, shows pain of Mother as great as Christ's
 * 4) **Hugo van der Goes – 1440 – 1482 -** //Portinari Altarpiece:// Some realism, but did weird distortions of figures basing their size on their importance to the artist and the scene. Lots of symbolism with saints and their life stories. oil on wooden panel.
 * 5) **Hieronymus Bosch c. 1450-1516-** //The Garden of Earthly Delights:// fantastic, unusual imagery to illustrate moral and religious concepts, excellent draftsman (drawer), weird images of judgement day and other worlds. oil paintings
 * 6) **Printing Press** is invented allowing the art of printmaking to begin. Anyone can now own a work of art. Makes copying art and buying it less expensive.

Early Renaissance: all are from Italy

 * 1) **Donatello  c. 1386-1466**, sculptor, David with hat (bronze), return of contrapposto, best sculptor of era until Michelangelo
 * 2) **Brunelleschi - 1377-1446**, sculptor and architect; designed the dome on Florence Cathedral/Duomo, developed theory of linear perspective
 * 3) **Masaccio - 1401-28,** painter who used linear perspective in painting //The Holy Trinity//, developed Continuous Narration on frescos "Tribute Money"
 * 4) **Andrea del Verrocchio 1435 – 1488**, painter and sculptor, created a David in bronze, teacher of Leonardo da Vinci (//The Baptism of Christ// angel story), oil painting
 * 5) **Sandro Botticelli c. 1445 – 1510**, painter for the Medici in Florence, "Birth of Venus", full female nude, controversial due to paganistic return to the classics of mythology over religion oil painting
 * 6) **Andrea Mantegna** //The Lamentation Over the Dead Christ,// extreme foreshortening, feels like we are there with the dead Christ. oil painting

High Renaissance all are from Italy

 * 1) **Leonardo da Vinci - 1452-1519-**Seen as the first Renaissance Man because he was skilled in so many different disciplines including: drawing, painting, science, math, engineering. Probably a lefty, wrote his notes in sketchbooks backwards, many drawn inventions that are way ahead of their time, //Virgin of the Rocks,// //Mona Lisa,// illustrates the sfumato technique, //Last Supper//, uses one point perspective and dramatic storytelling with the moment when Christ says "One of you will betray me.", left many unfinished works too. Ended his career in France not Italy.
 * 2) **Michelangelo - 1475-1564-** Sculptor, Painter, Architect, Poet**,** thought to be one of the greatest artists to ever live. Thought of himself as a sculptor, Carved the //David// in Cararra marble, monumental piece, shows the Fortitude and courage of David, //Pieta// extreme realism and emotion in marble Mary with dead body of her son. //Moses// made for the tomb of Julius II, powerful pope who brought Michelangelo to Rome to paint the //Sistine Chapel// ceiling**,** fresco paint, Did the Last Judgement Wall many years later in Sistine Chapel, Designed the //St. Peter's Basilica Dome//, took over after Bramante died, completely re-made design, dome is the basis for many modern day domes. Lived into his 80s continued sculpting to the end, left several unfinished pieces from this time including several Pietas
 * 3) **Raphael - 1483-1520-** Did a great deal of painting. Paintings illustrate his ability to portray realism and emotion with excellent architectural details. Painted many of the frescos in the Vatican. //School of Athens// his most famous work. Painted portraits of himself, Michelangelo, Da Vinci and Bramante into the painting as characters in the work,which was about ancient Greece. Died young (37).

Mannerism:
Derogatory term for the art from later period of Renaissance, Italian painters who emulated style of Raphael and Michelangelo, but posed, exaggerated or tweaked things to the point of weirdness. Maniera=artificial


 * 1) **Rosso Fiorentino – 1495-1540-** //The Descent from the Cross-// Strange smile on dead Christ's face, weird spider-like figures. Oil on panel
 * 2) **Pontormo 1494-1567-** //Deposition//**-** oil on panel, Christ being taken down from cross, some people appear to be floating, too many figures in too small a space, put self portrait into painting near Madonna, weirdly introspective
 * 3) **Parmigianino – 1503-40-**//Madonna With the Long Neck;// strangely elongated figures including really big baby and Madonna with super long neck., oil on panel
 * 4) **Jacopo Tintoretto - 1518-94-** Wanted to paint like Titian and design like Michelangelo. Has odd perspective in his paintings. Oil paint on canvas, //The Crucifixion, The Adoration of the Shepherds and The Last Supper//**;** all 3 show weird 3 levels of action, Mary and baby in upper loft of stable, Last Supper, where's Jesus, not the center of attention, a lot of extra people, not at all like Leonardo's.
 * 5) **El Greco -  1541-1614-** Came from Crete(Greece) and lived first in Venice, but eventually moves to Spain, most of his work is in Spain. Oil on canvas, making religious visions real. Tops of paintings with the religious are as real and solid as the bottom with actual action. Most famous: //The Burial of Count Orgaz.//

Northern Renaissance
(northern Europe, primarily Germany and the area called Flanders see above)


 * 1) **Matthias Grunewald -1470-1528 Germany,** didn't even know his true name for sure, lots of his work thought to be done by Durer, but we've learned he did it. Main piece is the multi-panel: //Isenheim Altarpiece// oil on wood**,** shows extreme realism duality of the human death and Christ's role as savior. Grotesque toes, wound and extreme suffering.
 * 2) **Albrecht Durer - 1471-1528, Germany-** greatest printmaker (woodcuts and engraving), drawer, mathematician and theorist, the northern renaissance man, Extreme meticulous realism and detail. Was wealthy during his lifetime and highly regarded as an artist. Self Portraits oil paints, Animal Drawings including //Walrus//, //Rhinoceros// (drew blind, meaning he never actual saw a rhino), //Young Hare// (rabbit) watercolor, Printmaking: //Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse//, //Knight, Death and Devil//, //Praying Hands.// Unique signature with A and D.
 * 3) **Pieter Bruegel the Elder -  1525/30-69 - Netherlands-** Known as Bruegel the Peasant, liked to paint peasants and country side, genre painting (theme), tells a moral allegory in some, feels like Where's Waldo with complex, many peopled paintings, first to paint children and peasants and how they spend their time.  //Children's Games, Peasant Wedding Feast//, //Land of Cockayne, Blind Leading the Blind.// all oil paintings.

Know the Definition, context of the following terms:

 * **Late Gothic** || **Early Renaissance** || **High Renaissance** || **Mannerism** || **Northern Renaissance** ||
 * oil paint || renaissance= rebirth of what? || reformation, Martin Luther, protestant || counter reformation || engraving ||
 * printing press 1450 || fresco || fresco || mannerism || woodcut ||
 * triptych, diptych || lost bronze wax casting || sfumato || why is this period not considered part of the Renaissance? || altarpiece ||
 * Flanders, Flemish || contrapposto || carara marble ||  || drawing blind ||
 * symbolism || humanism + divine || harmonious proportion and Vitruvian Man ||  || genre painting ||
 * realism || realism || harmonious combining of the divine and the human in art work ||  || moral allegory ||
 * symbols of Mary= rose, lily || classics || why was da Vinci's Last Supper so different and new? what happened to it right after he finished painting? ||  || peasants ||
 * symbol of candle extinguished || Explain why Florence is the new Athens || why was Michelangelo's David so new? ||  ||   ||
 * symbol of dog= fidelity || Why is David so symbolic for Florence? || Why was the Mona Lisa so revolutionary in terms of portraiture? ||  ||   ||
 * symbol of shoes on floor= holy ground || visual art as a craft vs visual art as a liberal arts discipline || What architect did Michelangelo take over for on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome? ||  ||   ||
 * symbol of single candle=presence of God || clothed nude || why was Michelangelo so close to the Medici family? ||  ||   ||
 * || linear perspective || how did Leonardo and Michelangelo learn so much about the human figure? ||  ||   ||
 * || atmospheric perspective || compare and contrast the way sistine chapel to the later Last Judgement Panels both by Michelangelo ||  ||   ||
 * || Medici Family and their relationship to art/artists || What about St. Peter's dome? Why is it such a big deal? ||  ||   ||
 * || harmonious proportion || Who were some of the famous people in Raphael's School of Athens? Why did he put them there? ||  ||   ||
 * || continuous narration || compare/contrast Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael as people, artists. ||  ||   ||
 * || foreshortening ||  ||   ||   ||