Review+2

Vocabulary You Should Know By Era
==Remember that the Middle Ages refers to the eras from about 500-1400 A.C.E. This means that the Early Medieval, Romanesque and Gothic are all part of the Middle Ages. Why do we sometimes refer to the middle ages as the Dark Ages? ==


 * ==EARLY CHRISTIAN == || ==BYZANTINE == ||< ==EARLY MEDIEVAL == ||< ==ROMANESQUE == ||< ==GOTHIC == ||
 * < competing religions ||< what is byzantine art ||< Celtic-Germanic Style ||< reliquary ||< stained glass ||
 * < chi rho ||< galleries (churches) ||< motif ||< pilgrimage ||< flying buttresses ||
 * < fish symbol ||< ambulatory ||< Sutton Hoo, England ||< feudal society ||< pointed arches ||
 * < pagan, infidel, heathen, ||< central plan churches ||< long boat ||< middle class ||< ribbed groin vaults ||
 * < heretics ||< dome ||< Oseberg, Norway ||< crusades ||< pilgrimage choir plan ||
 * < catacombs ||< Constantinople ||< Hiberno-Saxon Style ||< shroud of Turin ||< Mariology ||
 * < good shepherd ||< Icons ||< monasteries ||< vaulted ceiling ||< linear ||
 * < circle symbol ||< madonna (not the rock singer) ||< scriptoria ||< buttresses ||< geometric harmony ||
 * < sarcaphogus ||<  ||< illuminated manuscript ||< Roman Arches ||< Abbott Suger ||
 * < mosaic ||< tesserae ||< Book of Kells ||< transept ||< notre dame= our lady ||
 * tesserae || mosaic || Lindisfarne Gospel || clerestory || tympanum ||
 * < vellum ||<  ||< Carolingian Art ||< ambulatory ||< rose window ||
 * < codex ||<  ||< Lindau Gospel Cover ||< altar ||< rose as symbol ||
 * < clerestory ||<  ||< Gero Crucifix ||< campanile ||< International Style ||
 * < apse ||<  ||< INRI ||< rib groin vault ||< pieta ||
 * nave ||  || relief sculpture || cathedral, cathedra || how is stained glass painting ||
 * transept ||  || St. Michel Hildesheim || tympanum || Giotto-significance? ||
 * ||  ||   || tapestry || Ducio-significance? ||

Early Christian

 * 1) **//Chi Rho//**, symbol for Christ, greek letters chi and rho, used by Constantine on his flag when he declared his Christianity. Drawn or painted on walls or carved on stones in catacombs to symbolize Christ. media: varied, era: Early Christian, country: Roman Empire, artist: unknown
 * 2) **//Catacombs//** the underground tunnels outside of Rome that contain the bodies of many early Christian martyrs and popes. Media: tufa stone and dirt, Era: Early Christian, Country: Rome, Artist: unknown
 * 3) //**Ceiling of the Catacombs**//: Early Christian art used a lot of symbolism, such as the circle meaning heaven and the shepherd with lamb meaning Jesus. Media: painted fresco, Era: Early Christian, Country: Rome, Artist: unknown



Byzantine Era
> The style and subject matter of this sarcophagus reflects the how Christianity had become accepted. This is most evident in the image at the center of the upper register. Before the time of Constantine, the figure of Christ was rarely directly represented, but here on the Junius Bassus sarcophagus we see Christ prominently. > **Media:** marble sculpture, **Artist:** unknown, **Era:** Byzantine, **Country**: Rome, Italy
 * 1) **//Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus//**, marble, 359 C.E.
 * 1)  **//Justinian and His Attendants//,** Mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 547 A major theme of this mosaic program is the authority of the emperor in the Christian plan of history. The mosaic program can also be seen to give visual testament to the two major ambitions of Justinian's reign: as heir to the tradition of Roman Emperors, Justinian sought to restore the territorial boundaries of the Empire. As the Christian Emperor, he saw himself as the defender of the faith. As such it was his duty to establish religious uniformity or Orthodoxy throughout the Empire. **Media**: Mosaic/Tesserae (painting with glass), **Artist** Unknown, **Era:** Byzantine, Country: Ravenna, Italy
 * 2) **//Theodora and her Attendants,//** mosaic, San Vitale Ravenna c 547 She is the Byzantine wife of Justinian and helped solidify the connection between Rome and the Eastern Orthodox world. **Media:** Mosaic/Tesserae (painting with glass), **Artist** Unknown, **Era** Byzantine, **Country**: Ravenna, Italy
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**San Vitale**// is Architecturally important c. 540-47 CE Octagonal Plan for interior, no more longitudinal axis, more Eastern looking (think mosque),central plan church (Eastern Orthodox) **Media:** Architecture (stone and marble), **Artist:** unknown, **Era:** Byzantine, **Country:** Ravenna, Italy
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Hagia Sophia**// of Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey c. 532-537 (church of holy wisdom)so famous that architects were remembered. Architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos most likely were influenced by the mathematical theories of Archimedes (ca. 287–212 B.) Domes on square bases - PENDENTIVES on corners, Pendentives are spherical triangles, allows for taller, lighter more economical domes, Is now an Islamic mosque. **Media:** Architecture (stone and marble), **Artist:** Anthemios and Isidoros, **Era:** Byzantine, **Country:** Constantinople, Byzantium (now known as Istanbul, Turkey)



<span style="color: #a74129; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Early Medieval/Middle Ages
> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Motif -** distinctive and recurrent feature or theme, shape or figure in art, man and animal, eagle and ducks, animals with intertwined limbs, varying cultural influences, Burial site of Anglian King > **Media:** Gold with garnets and enamels **Country or Culture:** Anglo Saxon(England), **Artist:** Unknown, **Era:** Early Medieval > **Goal of Monastery** - to Spread Gospel to the heathens, **SCRIPTORIA** - writing workshops, illuminate copied manuscripts > The visual beauty should reflect the importance of its contents**. Media:** Vellum/parchment, ink, **Era:** Early Medieval, **Artist**: Irish monks, **Country/Culture:** Ireland > **Media:** carved wood, **Era:** Early Medieval, **Country/Culture:** Germany (Ottonian), **Artist:** Unknown
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Purse Cover from the Sutton Hoo ship burial//**, c. 625-33 A.C.E. Anglo Saxon origin, found in Suffolk, England inside a long boat that king <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">was buried in. Nomad’s gear, stuff they carried as they moved, created in the Animal style (ancient tradition) Combines abstract and organic shapes - Intricate and ornamental metalwork of the Celts . **Example of Celtic-Germanic style.**
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Oseberg Ship Post Head//** - mimics intertwined limb motif on skin, Found at Oseberg, Norway- ship burial c.825, part of a large number of items including a long boat, two female skeletons, (5 post heads of animals found) and more. **Media:** carved wood, **Country or Culture:** Norway-Viking, **Artist:** Unknown, **Era:** Early Medieval
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//The Book of Kells c. 800 A.C.E.-//** Example of illuminated manuscript most likely started on the isle of Iona off the coast of Ireland by monks in the monastery there. Illustrates the **Hiberno Celtic** style of illuminated manuscript with heavily symbolic images combined with illustrated letters to tell the stories of the gospel to those who couldn't read.
 * 1) //**Lindesfarne Gospels - c. 700**// Cross page - decorative embellishment vs. illustration of events, The other great celtic illuminated Manuscript of the era. Produced in Northumbria (northern England/southern Scotland) **Media:** vellum/parchment, ink, **Era:** Early Medieval, **Artist:** Celtic monks, **Country/Culture:** Northumbria (Northern Britain)
 * 2) **//St. Michael of Hildesheim-c. 1001-33,//** Germany, CLERESTORY- windows high on the ceiling to capture light, metalwork on doors of Bishop Bernward, Use of symmetry, Subterranean crypt, Use of long bay flanked by columns. **Media:** Stone, wood, **Era:** Early Medieval, **Country/Culture:** Germany (Ottonian), **Artist:** unknown, but commissioned by Bishop Bernward.
 * 3) //**Gero Crucifix**//– c.975-1000, RETURN TO FULL SCALE SCULPTURE – Carved wood, INRI – Latin translation – “Jesus of Nazareth – King of the Jews”, Germanic-Ottonian art under King Otto, More abstract-symbols
 * 1) **//Saint Mark from the Gospel Book of Archibishop Ebbo of Reims//**-Emulated style of Mediterranean art, Looks Roman or ByzantineExample of Carolingian Art, Charlemagne was leader during this time, Northern Europe (Germany), Money given to monasteries for elaborate works of art, not weaponry. **Media:** Ink on vellum, **Era:** Early Medieval, **Country/Culture:** Germany (Carolingian), **Artist:** Unknown



<span style="color: #a74129; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Romanesque
> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** stone, **Artist**: Unknown, **Country/Culture:** Autun, France, **Era:** Romanesque > <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** stone, **Artist**: Giselbertus, **Country/Culture:** Autun, France, **Era:** Romanesque >
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Foot Reliquary of St. James**//- Housed in the Namur, France. An example of the relics that medieval churches had to have in order to build a church. A **relic** is the bone or other body part of a Saint or an object that was very close to them or associated with the story of their martyrdom. The container that held the relic is called the **reliquary**. **Media:** jewels, gold, **Artist**: Unknown, **Country/Culture:** France, **Era:** Romanesque
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//The Shroud of Turin c. uncertain-//** Thought to be one of the greatest relics or one of the greatest hoaxes. There has been much research and it is still not clear if this is a forgery or a real relic. It is supposed to be the cloth that covered Jesus' body in the tomb. Some think it was painted on the cloth and is a medieval forgery. **Media:** linen cloth, **Artist**: Unknown, **Country/Culture:** Turin,Italy, **Era:** Romanesque
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**St. Sernin c. 1080-1120-**// Built in Toulouse, France as a stop for those going on pilgrimage to Santiago. It is an example of the Latin Cross floor plan and a true Romanesque style of architecture, with an arched interior, **The apse, ambulatory and radiating chapels form a unit know as the pilgrimage choir**. The aisles are **groin vaulted.** The walls are reinforced with buttresses. **Media:** stone, **Artist**: Unknown, **Country/Culture:** Toulouse, France, **Era:** Romanesque
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Bayeaux Tapestry**// - <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">the textile is embroidered wool on linen, and not actually a woven tapestry. The linen canvas measures 20 inches in height by 130 feet in length (50 cm x 70 m), and supports the narrative embroidery that tells of the Norman invasion of England—though very much from the Norman perspective. The tapestry depicts Duke William of Normandy's conquest (William the Conqueror) of Harold Godwinson—England's new and ill-fated King. **Media:** wool on linen, **Artist**: Unknown, probably women, **Country/Culture:** France, **Era:** Romanesque
 * 5) //**Autun Cathedral c.1120-32**// - Burgundy, France, CATHEDRAL - building that holds the CATHEDRA (chair or throne of a bishop),Pointed arch allow arches to be built taller without sacrificing safety, Thrust is transferred from down to in – Clerestory windows return. Contains many works of art including the west tympanum by Artist Giselbertus called Last Judgement.
 * 1) **//Last Judgement tympanum at Autun c. 1130-35-//**Relief sculpture carved by the artist Giselbertus showing a grim last judgement for those who don't behave in this life. Got the people to pay attention to the sermon, they saw this as they entered. Carved into the west tympanum at the cathedral.

<span style="color: #a74129; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gothic
> **Media:** Stone, stained glass windows, **Country/culture:** France, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown, but worked closely with Abbot Suger > **Media:** Stone, stained glass windows, **Country/culture:** France, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown > <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** Stone, stained glass windows, **Country/culture:** France, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown > <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** tempera paint on wood, **Country/culture:** Sienna, Italy, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** Duccio > <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:**fresco, **Country/culture:** Padua, Italy, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** Giotto
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Abbey Church of St. Denis c. 1140-44-//**First example of **gothic architecture, which has five characteristics** including pilgrimage choir plan, pointed arches, ribbed groin vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses. The Movement is linear and upward, open up the space and let light in. Light is used to symbolize the divine. Abbot Suger worked closely with the architect on the design and ideals behind the building of St. Denis, just outside Paris, France. Chapels are merged instead of separate, pointed arch with groin vaulting, interior is airy, light, buttresses are on the outside. **Emphasis on geometric harmony**
 * 1) **//Notre Dame Cathedral c. 1163-1250-//** 108 feet high, Built in Paris, France, part of the **mariology emphasis of the church**, that is a strong tie to the devotion to Jesus' mother, Mary. Floorplan has a strong longitudinal axis emphasized with a compact transept that is not much of a cross. The inside feels weightless due to the many pointed arches, the elaborate flying buttresses on the outside and the upward verticality of the design. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Emphasis on geometric harmony**
 * 1) **//Chartres Cathedral c. 1145-1220 -//** Known for it’s stained glass windows, Miraculous light, Thin vaults, Extreme height, 121 feet, many beautiful fully sculpted jamb statues that bring back contrapposto for the first time.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Jamb Statues, south portal Chartres Cathedral c. 1215-20** - beautiful fully sculpted jamb statues that bring back contrapposto for the first time. More realistic and fully sculpted. Goes back to the classicism of Greece and Rome, showing emotion and realism. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** Stone, **Country/culture:** France, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown
 * 2) **//<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">North Rose Stained Glass Window of Chartres Cathedral c//**. 1170- The rose is seen as a symbol of Mary and this continues the Mariology of the church during this era, where they have a strong devotion to Jesus' mother, Mary. The window is created with stained glass and lets the miraculous light shine in. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** glass,lead, **Country/culture:** France, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown
 * 3) //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Roetgen Pieta c. early 14th century- **//Mary is involved, Her suffering versus His after versus on the cross,Emphasizes the human, Subject of pieta is new starting in gothic, no biblical record of this event. Continued emphasis on Mariology. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** wood, paint, **Country/culture:** Germany, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** unknown
 * 4) **The Sacrific of Isaac c. 1401-2-**Italy assimilates French sculptural influences. This was one of the panels entered in the contest by Lorenzo Ghiberti, Florentine artist who won the contest to create doors of San Giovanni baptistry in Florence, Italy. It took 20 years to complete the doors, which are an excellent example of lost wax bronze casting technique. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Media:** lost wax bronze casting, **Country/culture:** Italy, **Era:** Gothic, **Artist:** Lorenzo Ghiberti
 * 5) **//Christ Entering Jerusalem part of Maesta Altarpiece c. 1308-11 -//** This painting signals a change in painting, with an emphasis on the illusion of 3 dimensional space on the 2-dimensional surface. Duccio was influenced by the Greek style of painting with the strong realism in the depiction of the folds of clothing and the perspective. Duccio also used lots of golden paint.
 * 1) **//Christ Entering Jerusalem c. 1305-6 -//** This fresco painting by Giotto marks a change that leads to the Renaissance. We as the viewer are brought closer to the action and made to feel we are part of the painting. Giotto was known for his brilliant blue paint colors and his strong sense of close up space. **Fresco painting**used water based paint that is painting onto partially cured plaster.